Dal Lake is the heart of Srinagar, both geographically and culturally. Nestled in the Kashmir Valley, this freshwater lake spans over 15 square kilometers. It is fed by several mountain streams and drains into the Jhelum River.
Framed by the majestic Zabarwan mountains, Dal Lake is one of the most iconic water bodies in India. Historically, Dal Lake has been much more than just a scenic spot. It has been central to the economic, social, and spiritual life of Srinagar.
The lake supports thousands of livelihoods—from fishermen and vegetable growers on floating gardens to shikara boatmen and houseboat owners. It is a symbol of Kashmir’s unique culture and way of life. Tourism in Srinagar depends heavily on the lake.
Tourists from all over the world come for its beauty, houseboats, and reflections of snow-capped peaks. But the lake is not just for show. It has been a source of drinking water, irrigation, and local food production.
In every sense, the lake has been a lifeline for the people of Srinagar. Today, that lifeline is under threat. Decades of pollution, poor waste management, and unplanned urban development have taken a toll. The lake is shrinking.
Its waters are choked with plastic waste and sewage. Encroachments and siltation are reducing its depth. The ecosystem is collapsing. What once symbolized beauty now shows signs of crisis. Dal Lake’s condition is a reflection of the health of Srinagar itself.
When the lake thrives, the city thrives. When it suffers, so does the community. Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar is not just about environmental cleanup. It is about protecting a way of life, reviving lost livelihoods, and building a sustainable future for the city and its people.
Key Problems Facing the Lake (with Data and Sources)
Sewage and Wastewater Pollution
Dal Lake receives significant amounts of untreated sewage daily. Fifteen major drains discharge directly into the lake, introducing approximately 18.2 tonnes of phosphorus and 25 tonnes of inorganic nitrogen annually.
This nutrient influx leads to eutrophication. It promotes excessive algal growth in the lake. As a result, the water quality continues to deteriorate.
Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at Hazratbal (7.5 MLD), Habbak (3.2 MLD), Laam (4.5 MLD), and Brari Numbal (17.5 MLD) often discharge only partially treated effluents. These untreated or partially treated wastes enter Dal Lake regularly.
Studies indicate that such discharges increase Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in the water. They also raise Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels, which further stress the lake’s ecosystem.
Fecal coliform levels in the lake water have often exceeded safe limits, indicating contamination from untreated domestic wastewater. This has direct health implications for those who rely on the lake for fishing, bathing, or washing.
Solid Waste Dumping
Solid waste accumulation is a pressing issue in Dal Lake. Approximately two truckloads of waste are collected daily from the lake, originating from 58 hamlets, 1,000 houseboats, shikaras, and surrounding residential areas.
The waste includes plastics, construction debris, and household garbage. Houseboats alone contribute around 9,000 metric tonnes of waste annually. In the absence of regular waste collection services, much of this refuse is dumped directly into the lake.
Floating gardens and embankments are often used as informal dumping grounds, exacerbating the lake’s degradation.
Water Quality Degradation
The lake’s water quality has deteriorated significantly over the past few decades. Studies have detected elevated levels of heavy metals in the sediments, including arsenic, lead, and mercury.
Without intervention, projections suggest that concentrations of arsenic could increase 239-fold, lead 76-fold, and mercury 100-fold over the next few decades. These toxic elements enter the lake through sewage, industrial discharge, and household waste.
Once present, they accumulate in aquatic organisms, posing health risks to humans and wildlife alike. In addition, the lake frequently exhibits signs of eutrophication. Algal blooms, foul odors, and changes in water color are now common.
These symptoms are triggered by excessive nutrient loading, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from untreated sewage and decaying organic matter.
Loss of Biodiversity
Dal Lake has experienced a drastic reduction in aquatic biodiversity. Native fish species such as Schizothoracids have declined significantly. In their place, invasive species have proliferated, disrupting the natural food chain and habitat balance.
Macrophyte diversity has also shifted. Once-diverse aquatic plant species have been replaced by a few dominant types that thrive in polluted and eutrophic waters. This change reduces habitat variety and weakens the lake’s ecological resilience.
Local studies have documented the decline in bird species, amphibians, and aquatic insects as well. These trends reflect the lake’s diminishing capacity to support life, which could have cascading impacts on the region’s food systems and ecological balance.
Lakebank Encroachment
Encroachment along Dal Lake’s banks is a critical threat. Unauthorized constructions have increased rapidly. These include homes, commercial buildings, and temporary shelters.
Such developments have appeared in areas like Harwan, Wangund Teilbal, Ishber, Baba Demb, Rainawari, Saidakadal, and Dalgate. These structures contribute to unregulated waste discharge into the lake and block natural drainage routes.
They also hinder the movement of clean-up crews and equipment, complicating restoration efforts. It is estimated that a significant portion of the lake’s original buffer zone has been encroached upon.
Despite government regulations and intervention attempts, enforcement has been inconsistent. `The lack of relocation options and legal loopholes have allowed the problem to persist.
Groundwater Contamination
Contamination of groundwater around Dal Lake is an emerging concern. Nitrates and heavy metals from the lake have been found to leach into nearby wells and aquifers. This leakage results from decades of untreated sewage and solid waste seeping into the ground.
Elevated nitrate levels in drinking water can cause serious health issues, especially in infants and pregnant women. The presence of lead and mercury in well water also raises red flags for public health.
Surveys in lake-adjacent settlements have reported increased cases of waterborne illnesses, indicating a link between environmental pollution and community health. Residents who rely on shallow wells for daily water use are particularly vulnerable.
These six interconnected issues—sewage, waste dumping, water quality decline, biodiversity loss, encroachment, and groundwater contamination—illustrate the complex and urgent challenges facing Dal Lake.
They also highlight the need for a multidisciplinary, community-driven approach for Dal Lake’s Restoration in Srinagar to protect one of India’s most iconic urban lakes.
Consequences of Lake Neglect
Public Health Risks
Neglecting Dal Lake poses serious health threats to the people of Srinagar. Contaminated water leads to a rise in waterborne diseases. Diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and skin infections are now more common in lakeside communities.
Fecal coliform levels in the lake water are far beyond safe limits. Children bathing in the lake or people using lake water for household needs are most at risk. Respiratory problems have also increased due to foul odors from decaying waste and algal blooms.
Inhaling air near the lake can irritate the lungs and trigger asthma in vulnerable groups. Poor sanitation and pollution have made the lake a hotspot for mosquito breeding. As a result, dengue and malaria cases have also risen in the area. The public health system struggles to handle these seasonal disease outbreaks.
Increased Urban Flooding
Dal Lake once acted as a natural buffer against flooding. It absorbed excess rainwater and prevented overflow into residential areas. But unplanned development and solid waste dumping have blocked natural drains.
During the floods of 2014, large parts of Srinagar were submerged. Encroachments along Dal Lake and clogged outflow channels were key contributors. Many homes near the lake were completely flooded, causing damage to property and displacing families.
Floating gardens and illegally filled wetlands further reduce the lake’s flood-holding capacity. Heavy rains now cause faster and more severe waterlogging in nearby areas. As climate change increases rainfall unpredictability, the risk of urban flooding continues to rise.
This problem is not limited to extreme events. Even moderate rainfall can paralyze traffic and damage public infrastructure. The lake can no longer play its historical role in controlling water levels during storms.
Economic Losses
Dal Lake is not just a water body—it is a major economic asset. Thousands of people depend on it for tourism, fishing, agriculture, and transport. Its decline has serious financial consequences for Srinagar.
Tourism has taken a major hit. Foul smells, visible garbage, and murky water discourage tourists. Many houseboat operators report fewer bookings each year. Shikara owners, hoteliers, and local artisans suffer financially as visitor numbers fall.
The decline of the lake also raises hidden costs. Public money is spent on frequent cleanups, medical care, and repairing flood damage. Poor water quality also lowers the value of nearby real estate.
Property owners face losses as demand drops in once-attractive lakefront areas. Fishing communities have lost their livelihoods due to declining fish stocks. Many have had to find alternative jobs, often in unstable or informal sectors.
This transition adds stress to families already living on the edge. Agriculture around the lake has also suffered. Polluted water affects crop health. Farmers are forced to invest in alternate water sources, increasing production costs. These losses, though often unrecorded, affect the broader urban economy deeply.
Social Inequality
The neglect of Dal Lake hits the poorest communities the hardest. Slum dwellers and low-income families live closest to the polluted lake zones. They lack access to clean water, proper sanitation, and reliable healthcare.
These residents often rely on the lake for washing, cleaning, or even drinking water. Pollution makes these activities unsafe, exposing them to greater health risks than wealthier citizens. The cost of illness is harder to bear for these families.
When floods strike, slums and informal settlements are the first to be affected. Homes built on encroached lakebanks are often temporary and poorly constructed. They are easily destroyed, and recovery is slow or impossible without state support.
Government clean-up operations sometimes involve evictions. But resettlement efforts are often inadequate or delayed. Poor families lose homes and livelihoods without proper alternatives. This deepens the cycle of poverty and marginalization.
In contrast, better-off communities have access to municipal water and drainage systems. They can afford healthcare, clean drinking water, and relocation if needed. This creates a divide in how lake-related problems are experienced across income groups.
Even in conservation programs, community voices from slums are often ignored. Their participation in decision-making is minimal. Without inclusive planning, solutions fail to address ground realities.
The neglect of Dal Lake affects more than just the environment. It affects human lives—especially the vulnerable. Public health, economic well-being, and social equality are all under threat.
The lake’s condition is a reflection of how the city values its people, its ecology, and its future. Dal Lake Restoration can uplift entire communities in Srinagar. Dal Lake Restoration is not just an environmental act—it is a social and economic necessity of Srinagar.
Why Past Efforts Have Failed Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar
Efforts for Dal Lake Restoration have been ongoing for decades in Srinagar. However, most of these attempts have fallen short. The reasons are deeply systemic and interconnected. One major issue is fragmented institutional responsibility.
Multiple government bodies are involved in managing Dal Lake. These include the Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA), the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC), the Pollution Control Board, and various state departments.
Each has a limited mandate. Coordination between them is poor. This leads to overlapping roles, delays, and inefficient use of resources. Many interventions have focused on beautification rather than ecological restoration.
Projects have prioritized building pathways, parks, or view decks over cleaning up the sewage system. While these structures may improve the lake’s appearance temporarily, they do not address pollution, waste inflows, or ecosystem degradation.
Without fixing root causes, cosmetic improvements do not last. There is also a lack of real-time public monitoring systems. Data on water quality, biodiversity, or pollution levels is either outdated or unavailable to the public. This weakens transparency.
It also prevents early intervention when things go wrong. Most restoration plans rely on periodic surveys rather than real-time data. As a result, problems go unnoticed until they escalate. Citizen participation has also been missing in past efforts.
Locals—especially those living near the lake—have rarely been involved in decision-making. There is little investment in building community ownership. Clean-up drives have been sporadic and symbolic. Once the media attention fades, engagement usually stops.
Without continuous involvement, awareness and accountability remain low. Inadequate enforcement of environmental laws has worsened the problem. Despite clear rules, illegal construction and waste dumping continue. Penalties are rare.
Government bodies often lack the manpower or political will to act decisively. Financial planning has also been inconsistent. Large sums have been sanctioned for lake restoration over the years. But a lack of transparent budgeting and poor execution has reduced impact.
Funds are often spent on short-term fixes rather than long-term strategies. Many sewage treatment plants (STPs) built with public money are underutilized or poorly maintained. Another gap is the absence of integrated urban planning.
Development projects in Srinagar rarely consider their ecological impact on Dal Lake. Urban sprawl, road expansion, and unplanned tourism projects continue to encroach on the lake’s buffer zones.
Without an integrated master plan, urban development and lake restoration work against each other. Lastly, there is little continuity in leadership. Frequent transfers of officials and changes in policy slow down momentum.
Long-term ecological restoration requires stability, vision, and community trust. These have been lacking. In short, the failure in Dal Lake Restoration of Srinagar is not due to a lack of effort.
It is the result of systemic issues: fragmented governance, misplaced priorities, weak enforcement, and poor community engagement. Unless these root problems are addressed, future interventions will likely meet the same fate.
What Needs to Be Done: The Blueprint for Complete Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar
The restoration of Dal Lake must go beyond partial clean-ups or temporary solutions. A successful strategy needs to be holistic, rooted in science, driven by the community, and monitored transparently. Below is a five-point plan to achieve long-lasting and meaningful Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar.
Zero Untreated Sewage
Stopping untreated sewage from entering the lake is the first step. Dal Lake receives large volumes of wastewater every day. This must be intercepted before it reaches the water body. Sewage pipelines from nearby households and hotels need redirection.
They must connect to modernized Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs). Existing STPs at Hazratbal, Habbak, Laam, and Brari Numbal must be upgraded to function at full capacity. They should be equipped to meet national discharge standards.
Compliance must be monitored in real time. Discharge from each plant should be tested for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) regularly. Any violation should trigger immediate action. Without this, pollution will continue silently.
In addition, greywater reuse systems can be encouraged for non-drinking purposes. Recycled water can support local agriculture and green zones, reducing stress on the lake ecosystem.
Solid Waste to Circular Economy
Dal Lake is suffering from plastic waste, construction debris, and household garbage. Simply removing the waste is not enough. A circular economy approach must be introduced at the community level.
Decentralized waste management units should be set up in lakeside neighborhoods. These units can segregate, recycle, and compost waste locally. Wet waste can be turned into organic compost.
Recyclables like plastic and glass can be processed through local recycling hubs. Training programs can create green jobs in waste management. This creates both economic and environmental value.
Tour operators, local vendors, and floating market sellers must be included in waste reduction programs. Earth5R’s circular cleanup programs in Mumbai offer a scalable example. Similar systems can work for Srinagar with local adaptation.
Plastic alternatives and reusable containers should be promoted. Awareness campaigns in schools, markets, and tourism hubs can shift behavior. Eventually, lake-facing communities can become zero-waste zones.
Ecological Restoration
Dal Lake is a living ecosystem. Restoring its ecological health requires rebuilding its natural elements. Wetlands that once surrounded the lake must be revived. These act as natural filters. They trap sediment and absorb nutrients, reducing pollution.
Encroached wetlands should be reclaimed where possible. Native plant species must be replanted along the lakebanks. These provide habitat for birds, insects, and aquatic life. They also stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
Floating islands with wetland plants can be deployed in parts of the lake. These islands absorb nutrients and support biodiversity without taking up space. Creating biodiversity corridors that connect Dal Lake to nearby eco-zones will support the movement of species.
Local universities and environmental NGOs can help with species mapping and restoration design. Citizen groups should be involved in tree planting and habitat restoration. This not only reduces costs but builds long-term ownership.
Community Ownership Models
No lake can be restored without its people. Sustainable change starts with the community. Earth5R’s “Lakekeeper” model should be adopted for Dal Lake. Local volunteers can be trained as guardians of specific lake zones.
They can monitor pollution, conduct clean-up drives, and raise awareness in their neighborhoods. Lakekeeper teams can include students, retired professionals, shopkeepers, and boat owners. Their insights help customize solutions to local realities.
Citizen science projects can also play a big role. Residents can collect water samples, report illegal dumping, or track changes in bird species. Their data can feed into larger scientific studies. Schools and colleges can run “Adopt a Lake Zone” programs.
This creates an early sense of environmental responsibility among youth. Community workshops, environmental training, and CSR-supported initiatives can fund these models. With proper support, these programs create not just engagement—but ownership.
Transparent Real-Time Data Monitoring
Restoration efforts must be trackable by the public. Transparency is key to accountability. Dal Lake should be equipped with IoT-enabled sensors. These devices can track water quality indicators like pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and heavy metals in real time.
They can be placed at key pollution points, inlets, and STP discharge locations. All collected data should be published on a public dashboard. This dashboard must be simple and visual, accessible by anyone—from policymakers to citizens.
It should show trends over time and flag violations. This system allows fast intervention. It also builds trust. Citizens and media can independently track progress. Environmental NGOs and researchers can use the data to propose solutions.
Mobile alerts and apps can notify nearby residents about pollution spikes. Over time, this will change how people interact with the lake. Monitoring should also include social and biodiversity indicators. Has tourism revived? Are fish populations improving?
Are more children seen playing safely near the lake? These are markers of real restoration. Dal Lake’s restoration must be guided by science, sustained by community ownership, and made transparent with technology. Isolated efforts will no longer work.
This blueprint offers a complete, multi-layered approach. From sewage to citizen science, every part of this plan supports the others. Together, they can do Dal Lake Restoration not just as a body of water—but as the heart of a sustainable Srinagar.
Earth5R BlueCities: The Proven, Scalable Solution for Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar
Earth5R’s BlueCities model offers a tested, holistic solution for restoring lakes like Dal Lake. It combines environmental science, citizen action, and circular economy principles. The model has shown strong results in cities like Mumbai and beyond. It is scalable and adaptable to the unique needs of Srinagar.
Data-Driven Lake Health Diagnosis
The first step in Earth5R’s BlueCities model is to understand the true state of the lake. The team uses scientific methods to assess water quality, biodiversity, and pollution sources. Community mapping identifies vulnerable zones, slums, and waste hotspots.
This creates a clear baseline for action. In Mumbai’s Powai Lake project, Earth5R deployed sensors and conducted detailed diagnostics. These findings helped prioritize actions and monitor change.
Community-First Mobilization and Training
Earth5R places communities at the center of lake restoration. Residents are trained as environmental leaders. They take charge of cleanup efforts and awareness campaigns. Special attention is given to women, youth, and marginalized groups.
In Pune, the organization trained over 10,000 residents in sustainable waste practices. Similar grassroots engagement can help create Lakekeeper teams around Dal Lake.
Ecological Restoration Based on Science
Earth5R restores the lake ecosystem using native plants, floating wetlands, and biodiversity corridors. These solutions are rooted in ecological science. Restoration zones are mapped and monitored regularly.
The model works alongside local universities and researchers. In earlier projects, partnerships with MIT and Indian ecological institutions helped design sustainable solutions.
Waste-to-Recycling Circular Economy Integration
Solid waste around lakes is converted into economic value. Earth5R builds decentralized recycling units. Residents are trained to sort, recycle, and compost waste. This reduces pressure on the lake and generates local income.
In Mumbai, Earth5R’s lake cleanup initiatives turned plastic waste into reusable materials. Recovered materials were reused in infrastructure, creating circular flow.
Corporate, CSR, and Government Partnership Models
The BlueCities model builds strong partnerships. Earth5R works with corporate CSR teams, government departments, and local NGOs. This ensures funding, long-term commitment, and policy alignment.
The UN supported Earth5R’s work on urban sustainability. Projects with Tata Sustainability Group, Saint-Gobain, and Schneider Electric have created real impact. These models can be replicated in Srinagar through partnerships with local businesses and administration.
Technology Platforms for Real-Time Monitoring and Citizen Engagement
Earth5R integrates technology to make restoration transparent. IoT sensors track pollution in real time. Data is shown on digital dashboards for public access. Citizens can also report issues through mobile apps.
This system improves accountability. It also empowers residents to take part in monitoring. In Mumbai, this approach helped track illegal waste dumping near lakes.
Livelihood Creation Programs Linked to Green Economy
Lake restoration also supports job creation. Earth5R links clean-up work to skill development and green jobs. Residents are trained in recycling, composting, lake monitoring, and climate action.
These programs support long-term sustainability. People care for the lake because it supports their income. In communities near Vihar Lake, Earth5R created job opportunities for low-income families through eco-projects.
Earth5R’s BlueCities model is more than just a cleanup plan. It is a proven, people-powered, and data-backed solution. It turns environmental challenges into community-led opportunities. With its track record and adaptable design, this model can help Dal Lake become a symbol of sustainable urban living.
From Crisis to Hope: The Last Chance for Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar
Dal Lake stands at a tipping point. It is no longer just a polluted water body—it is a reflection of the health of Srinagar itself. What we do now will decide the lake’s future. And with it, the future of the city’s environment, economy, and community well-being.
The crisis is urgent. Years of neglect, unchecked waste, and urban stress have pushed the lake into ecological decline. Water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and health hazards are no longer abstract issues. They affect real people, every day.
But there is still hope. Dal Lake can be revived. The city can be made sustainable. We already have the tools. What’s needed now is bold, structured, and collective action.
Integrated, long-term models like Earth5R’s BlueCities show the way forward. They connect science with society. They build action through community ownership. They convert problems into opportunities for green jobs and climate resilience.
Dal Lake Restoration in Srinagar is not the job of the government alone. Citizens must take charge of their surroundings. Businesses must contribute through CSR and ESG programs. Environmental NGOs must bring expertise. Governments must ensure regulation and enforcement.
Together, these groups form the foundation of real change. Earth5R is ready. The model is tested. The community-driven methods have worked in cities like Mumbai and Pune. They are scalable to Srinagar.
Dal Lake is not beyond saving. But time is short. We must act now. We must act together. A clean, healthy Dal Lake is possible—and with it, a sustainable, thriving Srinagar. It starts with participation. It starts with ownership. It starts with us.
Data Snapshot: Dal Lake Environmental Indicators
| Indicator | Current Status | Source |
| Sewage Treated | 36% | Jammu & Kashmir SPCB Report |
| BOD Level | 8–12 mg/L | CPCB Water Quality Report |
| Biodiversity Loss | 35% species lost | University of Kashmir Study |
| Encroachment | 25% lakebank lost | Urban Planning Survey, 2023 |
Urban Sustainability Opportunities for Srinagar through Dal Lake Restoration
Dal Lake’s restoration is not just about saving water in Srinagar. It is the gateway to a sustainable Srinagar. A clean lake requires a clean city. And a sustainable city supports a thriving ecosystem.
Srinagar has the potential to become a model for urban environmental resilience. The key lies in scaling the momentum from lake revival into a city-wide transformation.
Waste Management and Circular Economy
Srinagar generates an estimated 450 metric tonnes of waste every day. However, only a small portion—around 15%—is currently recycled. The rest ends up in landfills, drains, or water bodies like Dal Lake.
To fix this, Srinagar needs decentralized Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs). These local units sort, process, and recycle waste close to where it is generated. Composting units for wet waste and plastic collection centers are also crucial.
Earth5R’s circular economy model can guide this shift. It turns waste into income through local recycling jobs and sustainable entrepreneurship.
Sustainable Mobility and Transport
Vehicle numbers in Srinagar have risen sharply. This has led to rising PM2.5 and PM10 pollution levels. Traffic congestion also worsens carbon emissions and public health. The solution is green transport infrastructure.
Electric buses, dedicated cycling lanes, and pedestrian-friendly zones can cut emissions. Carpooling apps and shared mobility systems also reduce traffic load. Earth5R can support awareness and design for low-emission zones and transport audits in partnership with local authorities and startups.
Urban Green Spaces and Biodiversity
Srinagar’s urban biodiversity is shrinking. Many green belts have been lost to construction and encroachment. Parks are either degraded or underutilized. Rejuvenating urban forests and city parks will restore biodiversity and improve quality of life.
Native tree plantations, urban biodiversity corridors, and bird habitats can support ecological balance. Earth5R’s urban rewilding modules can help plan and maintain green spaces with community participation.
Water Conservation and Management
Water scarcity is becoming a seasonal issue in Srinagar. Many buildings lack proper systems to collect or reuse water. Rainwater harvesting should be mandatory in homes and public buildings.
Old buildings can be retrofitted with greywater recycling units to reuse water for toilets and gardens. Earth5R’s water stewardship training can help citizens and institutions adopt these systems efficiently.
Carbon Footprint Reduction and Climate Action
Srinagar lacks a formal urban carbon neutrality roadmap. Most institutions and companies do not track or offset their carbon footprints. Launching a city-wide climate action plan is vital.
It should include carbon audits for businesses, public sector decarbonization, and incentives for clean energy. CSR programs can support this mission. Earth5R helps companies align with ESG goals and initiate climate action workshops for employees and communities.
Citizen Sustainability Engagement
Sustainable change begins with people. However, many Srinagar residents are unaware of the impact their choices have on the environment. The city can roll out eco-citizen apps, green award programs, and sustainability education in schools and colleges.
This builds long-term behavior change. Earth5R has pioneered such engagement in Mumbai through Lakekeeper programs, environmental certification courses, and student action clubs. These can be adapted for Srinagar’s unique context.
By integrating lake restoration with holistic urban sustainability, Srinagar can become a living model of environmental resilience. Earth5R’s BlueCities initiative is uniquely positioned to guide this transformation at every step.
~Authored by Ameya Satam
